To see the best example of the struggle for
rights in ancient times based on religion
Caesar was a politician and general of the late Roman republic,
who greatly extended the Roman empire before seizing power and making
himself dictator of Rome, paving the way for the imperial system.
Julius Caesar was born in Rome on 12 or 13 July 100 BC into the
prestigious Julian clan. His family were closely connected with the
Marian faction in Roman politics. Caesar himself progressed within the
Roman political system, becoming in succession quaestor (69), aedile
(65) and praetor (62). In 61-60 BC he served as governor of the Roman
province of Spain. Back in Rome in 60, Caesar made a pact with Pompey
and Crassus, who helped him to get elected as consul for 59 BC. The
following year he was appointed governor of Roman Gaul where he stayed
for eight years, adding the whole of modern France and Belgium to the
Roman empire, and making Rome safe from the possibility of Gallic
invasions. He made two expeditions to Britain, in 55 BC and 54 BC.
Caesar then returned to Italy, disregarding the authority of the
senate and famously crossing the Rubicon river without disbanding his
army. In the ensuing civil war Caesar defeated the republican forces.
Pompey, their leader, fled to Egypt where he was assassinated. Caesar
followed him and became romantically involved with the Egyptian queen,
Cleopatra.
Caesar was now master of Rome and made himself consul and dictator.
He used his power to carry out much-needed reform, relieving debt,
enlarging the senate, building the Forum Iulium and revising the
calendar. Dictatorship was always regarded a temporary position but in
44 BC, Caesar took it for life. His success and ambition alienated
strongly republican senators. A group of these, led by Cassius and
Brutus, assassinated Caesar on the Ides (15) of March 44 BC. This
sparked the final round of civil wars that ended the Republic and
brought about the elevation of Caesar's great nephew and designated
heir, Octavian, as Augustus, the first emperor.
This declaration sets out basic rights in life, nice location but an issue of human rights in ancient times.
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